Viswanathan K's Thoughts

If we keep using the same muscle(s) continuously for extended periods, those muscles get tired. Why then doesn’t the heart ever get tired? After all, it is a group of muscles too. And it beats (and need to beat) continuously over the entire life of the individual. What’s the difference?   The answer lies in physiology. Most muscles like the bicep work via anaerobic metabolism, i.e., metabolism without oxygen. They burn glucose without oxygen, produce energy and also lactic acid. It is the buildup of that lactic acid that causes us to feel fatigue in those areas.   The heart, on the other hand, does aerobic metabolism, i.e., metabolism with oxygen. The efficiency increase in energy production is 19 times!   Wait, there’s more. Cardiac muscles have a “refractory period”. Skeletal muscles can be simulated to contract and expand rapidly. That is good, in fact necessary, for many situations like quick acceleration and rapid actions. Cardiac muscles, on the other...

What did all those princes do post-independence? Several of them joined politics. Their success rate (getting elected) was very high, at 80%, writes John Zubrzycki in Dethroned . “(They) were able to exploit traditional ties based on rank, caste and economic dependence.”   At first, they aligned with the Congress, to ensure their privy purses and privileges remained. But with success, the bitterness that some felt, the betrayal of some promises, led several to switch sides. Vijayaraje Scindia was the most prominent switch. She even “ruled” over ten parliamentary constituencies, where nobody could win unless she “approved” them. Many of the erstwhile princes of Orrisa, Gujarat and Rajasthan also fought and won elections against the Congress. Gayatri Devi from Jaipur won by the largest margin (at that time).   Nehru, never a fan of privy purses, had, from 1953 onwards (after Patel’s death), tried coaxing the princes to voluntarily give it up. He argued that giving so m...

India’s policy on minerals. A bone of contention between states and the Center. I started reading a book on “wicked problems”, i.e., problems that are very hard to solve yet hugely consequential. (Wicked problems can’t be blamed on just politicians or oligarchs. They have multiple aspects, often contradictory. Any proposed solution impacts too many stakeholders, and there is never a perfect solution). Mineral policy falls in that category of wicked problem. ~~   This Policy Mandala post dives into it. It starts with an example – Coal. Something used to produce electricity that is then used across the country, with enormous second, third and N-th order benefits. “This creates a basic contradiction in India’s mineral economy: the resource is found locally, its value is realised nationally, but many costs of extraction are borne by the states and communities where mining takes place.”   Such a scenario then raises valid questions: “ Who should control mineral res...

As more and more princely states signed the Instrument of Accession, Menon was elated that the Balkanization of India had been averted. Patel would describe such handovers as voluntary and said the rulers would be remembered with respect and admiration for their choice. But, as is clear, many of them signed under pressure, under threats, under explicit and implicit hints that post-British rule, local uprisings would happen to overthrow the rulers (it was left unsaid whether the Congress would instigate such uprisings, but that was obvious), says John Zubrzycki in Dethroned .   Ok, so most of the 565 princely states were now joining India. How best to integrate them into the political union? The first step that Patel and VP Menon came up with was to combine the smaller states with other larger states like Bombay or Orrisa. Only the really large princely states like Gwalior and Baroda were allowed to stay as separate states.   Mountbatten agreed with the idea, even claim...

Since I’ve already covered Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir in other blogs, I won’t repeat the tales of those princely states in this series. In this one, I’ll cover a few of the other states though. ~~   Travancore . A well-run princely state. With access to the main trades of the Indian Ocean. Resource rich – teak, sandalwood, tea, spices, rubber, mica. 47% literacy (three times higher than British India). Progressive in many ways. Plus, it had the world’s second largest monazite reserves. What’s that? A rare earth whose by-product was thorium, a nuclear fuel. Very important in a world that had just entered the atomic age.   Thus, it was a good candidate for independence post-Britain, writes John Zubrzycki in Dethroned . Unsurprisingly, its dewan , CP Ramaswami Aiyar, announced to do just that. Nehru threatened an economic blockade and promised Travancore would collapse within 3 months. In response, Travancore banned the Congress from the state.   On the monazite reserv...

I used to think the Holocaust became a well-known event (in the West) right after the second World War ended, when the concentration camps were found, when the Nurmeburg trials happened. Which is why it came as a shock to me when Malcolm Gladwell wrote about that aspect (when did the Holocaust became universally known in the West) in his book Revenge of the Tipping Point .   European historians barely mentioned the holocaust in books written in 1961. Lots of details of the two World Wars, hardly a few mentions of the holocaust. Contrast that with how it is talked about in recent decades! Turns out even the holocaust survivors didn’t talk much about it, even to their own children. Why remains a speculation. Maybe they weren’t sure if the Christian majority around them would take kindly to be reminded of it, maybe they didn’t want to keep reliving those horrors. Back then, Jewish groups too didn’t want to paint the image of Jews as eternal victims, always needing to be protected ...